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Quickstart: Input & Output Bindings

Get started with Dapr’s Binding building block

Let’s take a look at Dapr’s Bindings building block. Using bindings, you can:

  • Trigger your app with events coming in from external systems.
  • Interface with external systems.

In this Quickstart, you will schedule a batch script to run every 10 seconds using an input Cron binding. The script processes a JSON file and outputs data to a SQL database using the PostgreSQL Dapr binding.

Select your preferred language-specific Dapr SDK before proceeding with the Quickstart.


Pre-requisites

For this example, you will need:

Step 1: Set up the environment

Clone the sample provided in the Quickstarts repo.

git clone https://github.com/dapr/quickstarts.git

Step 2: Run PostgreSQL Docker container locally

Run the PostgreSQL instance locally in a Docker container on your machine. The Quickstart sample includes a Docker Compose file to locally customize, build, run, and initialize the postgres container with a default orders table.

In a terminal window, from the root of the Quickstarts clone directory, navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following command to set up the container:

docker compose up

Verify that the container is running locally.

docker ps

The output should include:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
55305d1d378b   postgres   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   sql_db

Step 3: Schedule a Cron job and write to the database

In a new terminal window, navigate to the SDK directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/python/sdk/batch

Install the dependencies:

pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Run the batch-sdk service alongside a Dapr sidecar.

dapr run --app-id batch-sdk --app-port 50051 --components-path ../../../components -- python3 app.py

Note: Since Python3.exe is not defined in Windows, you may need to use python app.py instead of python3 app.py.

The code inside the process_batch function is executed every 10 seconds (defined in binding-cron.yaml in the components directory). The binding trigger looks for a route called via HTTP POST in your Flask application by the Dapr sidecar.

# Triggered by Dapr input binding
@app.route('/' + cron_binding_name, methods=['POST'])
def process_batch():

The batch-sdk service uses the PostgreSQL output binding defined in the binding-postgres.yaml component to insert the OrderId, Customer, and Price records into the orders table.

with DaprClient() as d:
    sqlCmd = ('insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values ' +
              '(%s, \'%s\', %s)' % (order_line['orderid'],
                                    order_line['customer'],
                                    order_line['price']))
    payload = {'sql': sqlCmd}

    print(sqlCmd, flush=True)

    try:
        # Insert order using Dapr output binding via HTTP Post
        resp = d.invoke_binding(binding_name=sql_binding, operation='exec',
                                binding_metadata=payload, data='')
        return resp
    except Exception as e:
        print(e, flush=True)
        raise SystemExit(e)

Step 4: View the output of the job

Notice, as specified above, the code invokes the output binding with the OrderId, Customer, and Price as a payload.

Your output binding’s print statement output:

== APP == Processing batch..
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (1, 'John Smith', 100.32)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (2, 'Jane Bond', 15.4)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (3, 'Tony James', 35.56)
== APP == Finished processing batch

In a new terminal, verify the same data has been inserted into the database. Navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following to start the interactive Postgres CLI:

docker exec -i -t postgres psql --username postgres  -p 5432 -h localhost --no-password

At the admin=# prompt, change to the orders table:

\c orders;

At the orders=# prompt, select all rows:

select * from orders;

The output should look like this:

 orderid |  customer  | price
---------+------------+--------
       1 | John Smith | 100.32
       2 | Jane Bond  |   15.4
       3 | Tony James |  35.56

components\binding-cron.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

The Cron binding-cron.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: cron
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.cron
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: schedule
    value: "@every 10s" # valid cron schedule

Note: The metadata section of binding-cron.yaml contains a Cron expression that specifies how often the binding is invoked.

component\binding-postgres.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

  • Initiates the PostgreSQL binding building block
  • Connects to PostgreSQL using the settings specified in the binding-postgres.yaml file

With the binding-postgres.yaml component, you can easily swap out the backend database binding without making code changes.

The PostgreSQL binding-postgres.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: sqldb
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.postgres
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: url # Required
    value: "user=postgres password=docker host=localhost port=5432 dbname=orders pool_min_conns=1 pool_max_conns=10"

In the YAML file:

  • spec/type specifies that PostgreSQL is used for this binding.
  • spec/metadata defines the connection to the PostgreSQL instance used by the component.

Pre-requisites

For this example, you will need:

Step 1: Set up the environment

Clone the sample provided in the Quickstarts repo.

git clone https://github.com/dapr/quickstarts.git

Step 2: Run PostgreSQL Docker container locally

Run the PostgreSQL instance locally in a Docker container on your machine. The Quickstart sample includes a Docker Compose file to locally customize, build, run, and initialize the postgres container with a default orders table.

In a terminal window, from the root of the Quickstarts clone directory, navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following command to set up the container:

docker compose up

Verify that the container is running locally.

docker ps

The output should include:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
55305d1d378b   postgres   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   sql_db

Step 3: Schedule a Cron job and write to the database

In a new terminal window, navigate to the SDK directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/javascript/sdk/batch

Install the dependencies:

npm install

Run the batch-sdk service alongside a Dapr sidecar.

dapr run --app-id batch-sdk --app-port 5002 --dapr-http-port 3500 --components-path ../../../components -- node index.js 

The code inside the process_batch function is executed every 10 seconds (defined in binding-cron.yaml in the components directory). The binding trigger looks for a route called via HTTP POST in your Flask application by the Dapr sidecar.

async function start() {
    await server.binding.receive(cronBindingName,processBatch);
    await server.start();
}

The batch-sdk service uses the PostgreSQL output binding defined in the binding-postgres.yaml component to insert the OrderId, Customer, and Price records into the orders table.

async function processBatch(){
    const loc = '../../orders.json';
    fs.readFile(loc, 'utf8', (err, data) => {
        const orders = JSON.parse(data).orders;
        orders.forEach(order => {
            let sqlCmd = `insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (${order.orderid}, '${order.customer}', ${order.price});`;
            let payload = `{  "sql": "${sqlCmd}" } `;
            console.log(payload);
            client.binding.send(postgresBindingName, "exec", "", JSON.parse(payload));
        });
        console.log('Finished processing batch');
      });
    return 0;
}

Step 4: View the output of the job

Notice, as specified above, the code invokes the output binding with the OrderId, Customer, and Price as a payload.

Your output binding’s print statement output:

== APP == Processing batch..
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(1, 'John Smith', 100.32)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(2, 'Jane Bond', 15.4)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(3, 'Tony James', 35.56)

In a new terminal, verify the same data has been inserted into the database. Navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following to start the interactive Postgres CLI:

docker exec -i -t postgres psql --username postgres  -p 5432 -h localhost --no-password

At the admin=# prompt, change to the orders table:

\c orders;

At the orders=# prompt, select all rows:

select * from orders;

The output should look like this:

 orderid |  customer  | price
---------+------------+--------
       1 | John Smith | 100.32
       2 | Jane Bond  |   15.4
       3 | Tony James |  35.56

components\binding-cron.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

The Cron binding-cron.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: cron
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.cron
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: schedule
    value: "@every 10s" # valid cron schedule

Note: The metadata section of binding-cron.yaml contains a Cron expression that specifies how often the binding is invoked.

component\binding-postgres.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

  • Initiates the PostgreSQL binding building block
  • Connects to PostgreSQL using the settings specified in the binding-postgres.yaml file

With the binding-postgres.yaml component, you can easily swap out the backend database binding without making code changes.

The PostgreSQL binding-postgres.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: sqldb
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.postgres
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: url # Required
    value: "user=postgres password=docker host=localhost port=5432 dbname=orders pool_min_conns=1 pool_max_conns=10"

In the YAML file:

  • spec/type specifies that PostgreSQL is used for this binding.
  • spec/metadata defines the connection to the PostgreSQL instance used by the component.

Pre-requisites

For this example, you will need:

Step 1: Set up the environment

Clone the sample provided in the Quickstarts repo.

git clone https://github.com/dapr/quickstarts.git

Step 2: Run PostgreSQL Docker container locally

Run the PostgreSQL instance locally in a Docker container on your machine. The Quickstart sample includes a Docker Compose file to locally customize, build, run, and initialize the postgres container with a default orders table.

In a terminal window, from the root of the Quickstarts clone directory, navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following command to set up the container:

docker compose up

Verify that the container is running locally.

docker ps

The output should include:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
55305d1d378b   postgres   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   sql_db

Step 3: Schedule a Cron job and write to the database

In a new terminal window, navigate to the SDK directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/csharp/sdk/batch

Install the dependencies:

dotnet restore
dotnet build batch.csproj

Run the batch-sdk service alongside a Dapr sidecar.

dapr run --app-id batch-sdk --app-port 7002 --components-path ../../../components -- dotnet run

The code inside the process_batch function is executed every 10 seconds (defined in binding-cron.yaml in the components directory). The binding trigger looks for a route called via HTTP POST in your Flask application by the Dapr sidecar.

app.MapPost("/" + cronBindingName, async () => {
// ...
});

The batch-sdk service uses the PostgreSQL output binding defined in the binding-postgres.yaml component to insert the OrderId, Customer, and Price records into the orders table.

// ...
string jsonFile = File.ReadAllText("../../../orders.json");
var ordersArray = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Orders>(jsonFile);
using var client = new DaprClientBuilder().Build();
foreach(Order ord in ordersArray?.orders ?? new Order[] {}){
    var sqlText = $"insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values ({ord.OrderId}, '{ord.Customer}', {ord.Price});";
    var command = new Dictionary<string,string>(){
        {"sql",
        sqlText}
    };
// ...
}

// Insert order using Dapr output binding via Dapr Client SDK
await client.InvokeBindingAsync(bindingName: sqlBindingName, operation: "exec", data: "", metadata: command);

Step 4: View the output of the job

Notice, as specified above, the code invokes the output binding with the OrderId, Customer, and Price as a payload.

Your output binding’s print statement output:

== APP == Processing batch..
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (1, 'John Smith', 100.32);
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (2, 'Jane Bond', 15.4);
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (3, 'Tony James', 35.56);
== APP == Finished processing batch

In a new terminal, verify the same data has been inserted into the database. Navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following to start the interactive Postgres CLI:

docker exec -i -t postgres psql --username postgres  -p 5432 -h localhost --no-password

At the admin=# prompt, change to the orders table:

\c orders;

At the orders=# prompt, select all rows:

select * from orders;

The output should look like this:

 orderid |  customer  | price
---------+------------+--------
       1 | John Smith | 100.32
       2 | Jane Bond  |   15.4
       3 | Tony James |  35.56

components\binding-cron.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

The Cron binding-cron.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: cron
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.cron
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: schedule
    value: "@every 10s" # valid cron schedule

Note: The metadata section of binding-cron.yaml contains a Cron expression that specifies how often the binding is invoked.

component\binding-postgres.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

  • Initiates the PostgreSQL binding building block
  • Connects to PostgreSQL using the settings specified in the binding-postgres.yaml file

With the binding-postgres.yaml component, you can easily swap out the backend database binding without making code changes.

The PostgreSQL binding-postgres.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: sqldb
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.postgres
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: url # Required
    value: "user=postgres password=docker host=localhost port=5432 dbname=orders pool_min_conns=1 pool_max_conns=10"

In the YAML file:

  • spec/type specifies that PostgreSQL is used for this binding.
  • spec/metadata defines the connection to the PostgreSQL instance used by the component.

Pre-requisites

For this example, you will need:

Step 1: Set up the environment

Clone the sample provided in the Quickstarts repo.

git clone https://github.com/dapr/quickstarts.git

Step 2: Run PostgreSQL Docker container locally

Run the PostgreSQL instance locally in a Docker container on your machine. The Quickstart sample includes a Docker Compose file to locally customize, build, run, and initialize the postgres container with a default orders table.

In a terminal window, from the root of the Quickstarts clone directory, navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following command to set up the container:

docker compose up

Verify that the container is running locally.

docker ps

The output should include:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
55305d1d378b   postgres   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   sql_db

Step 3: Schedule a Cron job and write to the database

In a new terminal window, navigate to the SDK directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/java/sdk/batch

Install the dependencies:

mvn clean install

Run the batch-sdk service alongside a Dapr sidecar.

dapr run --app-id batch-sdk --app-port 8080 --components-path ../../../components -- java -jar target/BatchProcessingService-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

The code inside the process_batch function is executed every 10 seconds (defined in binding-cron.yaml in the components directory). The binding trigger looks for a route called via HTTP POST in your Flask application by the Dapr sidecar.

@PostMapping(path = cronBindingPath, consumes = MediaType.ALL_VALUE)
public ResponseEntity<String> processBatch() throws IOException, Exception

The batch-sdk service uses the PostgreSQL output binding defined in the binding-postgres.yaml component to insert the OrderId, Customer, and Price records into the orders table.

try (DaprClient client = new DaprClientBuilder().build()) {

    for (Order order : ordList.orders) {
        String sqlText = String.format(
            "insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) " +
            "values (%s, '%s', %s);", 
            order.orderid, order.customer, order.price);
        logger.info(sqlText);
    
        Map<String, String> metadata = new HashMap<String, String>();
        metadata.put("sql", sqlText);
 
        // Invoke sql output binding using Dapr SDK
        client.invokeBinding(sqlBindingName, "exec", null, metadata).block();
    } 

    logger.info("Finished processing batch");

    return ResponseEntity.ok("Finished processing batch");
}

Step 4: View the output of the job

Notice, as specified above, the code invokes the output binding with the OrderId, Customer, and Price as a payload.

Your output binding’s print statement output:

== APP == 2022-06-22 16:39:17.012  INFO 35772 --- [nio-8080-exec-4] c.s.c.BatchProcessingServiceController   : Processing batch..
== APP == 2022-06-22 16:39:17.268  INFO 35772 --- [nio-8080-exec-4] c.s.c.BatchProcessingServiceController   : insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (1, 'John Smith', 100.32);
== APP == 2022-06-22 16:39:17.838  INFO 35772 --- [nio-8080-exec-4] c.s.c.BatchProcessingServiceController   : insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (2, 'Jane Bond', 15.4);
== APP == 2022-06-22 16:39:17.844  INFO 35772 --- [nio-8080-exec-4] c.s.c.BatchProcessingServiceController   : insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (3, 'Tony James', 35.56);
== APP == 2022-06-22 16:39:17.848  INFO 35772 --- [nio-8080-exec-4] c.s.c.BatchProcessingServiceController   : Finished processing batch

In a new terminal, verify the same data has been inserted into the database. Navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following to start the interactive Postgres CLI:

docker exec -i -t postgres psql --username postgres  -p 5432 -h localhost --no-password

At the admin=# prompt, change to the orders table:

\c orders;

At the orders=# prompt, select all rows:

select * from orders;

The output should look like this:

 orderid |  customer  | price
---------+------------+--------
       1 | John Smith | 100.32
       2 | Jane Bond  |   15.4
       3 | Tony James |  35.56

components\binding-cron.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

The Cron binding-cron.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: cron
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.cron
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: schedule
    value: "@every 10s" # valid cron schedule

Note: The metadata section of binding-cron.yaml contains a Cron expression that specifies how often the binding is invoked.

component\binding-postgres.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

  • Initiates the PostgreSQL binding building block
  • Connects to PostgreSQL using the settings specified in the binding-postgres.yaml file

With the binding-postgres.yaml component, you can easily swap out the backend database binding without making code changes.

The PostgreSQL binding-postgres.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: sqldb
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.postgres
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: url # Required
    value: "user=postgres password=docker host=localhost port=5432 dbname=orders pool_min_conns=1 pool_max_conns=10"

In the YAML file:

  • spec/type specifies that PostgreSQL is used for this binding.
  • spec/metadata defines the connection to the PostgreSQL instance used by the component.

Pre-requisites

For this example, you will need:

Step 1: Set up the environment

Clone the sample provided in the Quickstarts repo.

git clone https://github.com/dapr/quickstarts.git

Step 2: Run PostgreSQL Docker container locally

Run the PostgreSQL instance locally in a Docker container on your machine. The Quickstart sample includes a Docker Compose file to locally customize, build, run, and initialize the postgres container with a default orders table.

In a terminal window, from the root of the Quickstarts clone directory, navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following command to set up the container:

docker compose up

Verify that the container is running locally.

docker ps

The output should include:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                    NAMES
55305d1d378b   postgres   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp   sql_db

Step 3: Schedule a Cron job and write to the database

In a new terminal window, navigate to the SDK directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/go/sdk/batch

Install the dependencies:

go build .

Run the batch-sdk service alongside a Dapr sidecar.

dapr run --app-id batch-sdk --app-port 6002 --dapr-http-port 3502 --dapr-grpc-port 60002 --components-path ../../../components -- go run .

The code inside the process_batch function is executed every 10 seconds (defined in binding-cron.yaml in the components directory). The binding trigger looks for a route called via HTTP POST in your Flask application by the Dapr sidecar.

// Triggered by Dapr input binding
r.HandleFunc("/"+cronBindingName, processBatch).Methods("POST")

The batch-sdk service uses the PostgreSQL output binding defined in the binding-postgres.yaml component to insert the OrderId, Customer, and Price records into the orders table.

func sqlOutput(order Order) (err error) {

	client, err := dapr.NewClient()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	ctx := context.Background()

	sqlCmd := fmt.Sprintf("insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values (%d, '%s', %s);", order.OrderId, order.Customer, strconv.FormatFloat(order.Price, 'f', 2, 64))
	fmt.Println(sqlCmd)

	// Insert order using Dapr output binding via Dapr SDK
	in := &dapr.InvokeBindingRequest{
		Name:      sqlBindingName,
		Operation: "exec",
		Data:      []byte(""),
		Metadata:  map[string]string{"sql": sqlCmd},
	}
	err = client.InvokeOutputBinding(ctx, in)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

Step 4: View the output of the job

Notice, as specified above, the code invokes the output binding with the OrderId, Customer, and Price as a payload.

Your output binding’s print statement output:

== APP == Processing batch..
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(1, 'John Smith', 100.32)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(2, 'Jane Bond', 15.4)
== APP == insert into orders (orderid, customer, price) values(3, 'Tony James', 35.56)

In a new terminal, verify the same data has been inserted into the database. Navigate to the bindings/db directory.

cd quickstarts/bindings/db

Run the following to start the interactive Postgres CLI:

docker exec -i -t postgres psql --username postgres  -p 5432 -h localhost --no-password

At the admin=# prompt, change to the orders table:

\c orders;

At the orders=# prompt, select all rows:

select * from orders;

The output should look like this:

 orderid |  customer  | price
---------+------------+--------
       1 | John Smith | 100.32
       2 | Jane Bond  |   15.4
       3 | Tony James |  35.56

components\binding-cron.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

The Cron binding-cron.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: cron
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.cron
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: schedule
    value: "@every 10s" # valid cron schedule

Note: The metadata section of binding-cron.yaml contains a Cron expression that specifies how often the binding is invoked.

component\binding-postgres.yaml component file

When you execute the dapr run command and specify the component path, the Dapr sidecar:

  • Initiates the PostgreSQL binding building block
  • Connects to PostgreSQL using the settings specified in the binding-postgres.yaml file

With the binding-postgres.yaml component, you can easily swap out the backend database binding without making code changes.

The PostgreSQL binding-postgres.yaml file included for this Quickstart contains the following:

apiVersion: dapr.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: sqldb
  namespace: quickstarts
spec:
  type: bindings.postgres
  version: v1
  metadata:
  - name: url # Required
    value: "user=postgres password=docker host=localhost port=5432 dbname=orders pool_min_conns=1 pool_max_conns=10"

In the YAML file:

  • spec/type specifies that PostgreSQL is used for this binding.
  • spec/metadata defines the connection to the PostgreSQL instance used by the component.

Tell us what you think!

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Last modified July 18, 2023: yet another link (8623ebf6)